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.Messianic Judaism is a modern religious movement that combines —most importantly, the belief that is the —with elements of. It emerged in the 1960s and 1970s.Many Messianic Jews believe that is the Jewish Messiah and ' (one of the ), and that the and are the authoritative scriptures. In Messianic Judaism only through acceptance of Jesus as one's savior, and Jewish laws or customs which are followed. Belief in the messiahship of Jesus, his power to save, and his divinity are considered by Jewish authorities to be the defining distinctions between.

Protestant groups usually accept Messianic Judaism as a form of Protestantism.Many adherents of Messianic Judaism are and argue that the movement is a sect of Judaism. Many refer to themselves in as maaminim (believers), not converts, and yehudim (Jews), not notzrim (Christians). Jewish organizations and the have rejected this claim in cases related to the, and instead consider Messianic Judaism to be a form of Christianity.From 2003 to 2007, the movement grew from 150 Messianic houses of worship in the United States to as many as 438, with over 100 in Israel and more worldwide; congregations are often affiliated with larger Messianic organizations or alliances.

As of 2012, population estimates for the United States were between 175,000 and 250,000 members, between 10,000 and 20,000 members for Israel, and an estimated total worldwide membership of 350,000. Contents.History Pre-19th centuryEfforts by to began in the first century, when preached at the synagogues in each city that he visited. However, by the fourth century CE, non-biblical accounts of missions to the Jews do not mention converted Jews playing any leading role in proselytization. Notable converts from Judaism who attempted to convert other Jews are more visible in historical sources beginning around the 13th century, when Jewish convert attempted to convert other Jews.

This activity, however, typically lacked any independent Jewish-Christian congregations, and was often imposed through force by organized Christian churches. 19th and early 20th centuries. Main article:In the 19th century, some groups attempted to create congregations and societies of Jewish converts to Christianity, though most of these early organizations were short-lived. Early formal organizations run by converted Jews include: the Anglican of (1809), which published the first in 1821; the 'Beni Abraham' association, established by Frey in 1813 with a group of 41 who started meeting at Jews' Chapel, London for prayers Friday night and Sunday morning; and the London founded by Dr. In 1866.The September 1813 meeting of Frey's 'Beni Abraham' congregation at the rented 'Jews' Chapel' in is sometimes pointed to as the birth of the semi-autonomous within Anglican and other established churches in Britain. However, the minister of the chapel at Spitalfields evicted Frey and his congregation three years later, and Frey severed his connections with the Society.

A new location was found and the Episcopal Jew's Chapel Abrahamic Society registered in 1835.In, established a Hebrew Christian mission and congregation called 'Israelites of the New Covenant' in, in 1884. Rabinowitz was supported from overseas by the Christian, translator of the first modern. In 1865, Rabinowitz created a sample order of worship for Sabbath morning service based on a mixture of Jewish and Christian elements. Mark John Levy pressed the Church of England to allow members to embrace Jewish customs.In the United States, a congregation of Jewish converts to Christianity was established in New York City in 1885.

In the 1890s, immigrant Jewish converts to Christianity worshiped at the 'Hope of Israel' mission on New York's while retaining some Jewish rites and customs. In 1895, the 9th edition of Hope of Israel's Our Hope magazine carried the subtitle 'A Monthly Devoted to the Study of Prophecy and to Messianic Judaism', the first use of the term 'Messianic Judaism'. In 1894, Christian missionary, a convert from Judaism, founded the Brownsville Mission to the Jews in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, New York as a Christian mission to Jews. After several changes in name, structure, and focus, the organization is now called.Missions to the Jews saw a period of growth between the 1920s and the 1960s. In the 1940s and 1950s, missionaries in Israel, including the, adopted the term meshichyim ( משיחיים‎, 'messianics') to counter negative connotations of the word notsrim ( נוצרים‎, 'Christians'). The term was used to designate all Jews who had converted to Protestant evangelical Christianity.

Modern-day Messianic Judaism movement, 1960s onwardsThe Messianic Jewish movement emerged in the United States in the 1960s. Prior to this time, Jewish converts assimilated into gentile Christianity, as the church required abandoning their Jewishness and assuming Gentile ways to receive baptism. Postulates that the Jesus movement which swept the nation in the 1960s triggered a change from Hebrew Christians to Messianic Jews, and was a distinctly.

These Jews wanted to 'stay Jewish while believing in Jesus'. This impulse was amplified by the results of the and the restoration of Jerusalem to Jewish control. Foundational Messianic organizationsIn 2004 there were 300 Messianic congregations in the United States with maybe half of their attendance being Gentiles and maybe one third of the congregations consisting of thirty or fewer members. Many of these congregations belong to the International Association of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS), the Union of Messianic Congregations (UMJC), or Tikkun International. The Messianic Jewish Alliance of America (MJAA) began in 1915 as the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America (HCAA).

As the idea of maintaining Jewish identity spread in the late 1960s, the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America (HCAA) changed its name to the Messianic Jewish Alliance of America (MJAA). Film 3gp meytal. Writes that the change 'signified far more than a semantical expression—it represented an evolution in the thought processes and religious and philosophical outlook toward a more fervent expression of Jewish identity.' The MJAA was and still is an organization of individual Jewish members. In 1986 the MJAA formed a congregational branch called the International Alliance of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS).In June 1979 nineteen congregations in North America met at Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania and formed the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations (UMJC).' Tikkun International is a Messianic Jewish umbrella organization for an apostolic network of leaders, congregations and ministries in covenantal relationship for mutual accountability, support and equipping to extend the Kingdom of God in America, Israel, and throughout the world.'

Messianic Seal of Jerusalem. Messianic SealThe Messianic Seal of Jerusalem is a symbol for Messianic Judaism. The symbol is seen as a depiction of the, an ancient symbol, together with the, an ancient depictive representation of and the community of followers, creating a at the intersection. The Messianic Seal is not the only symbol of Messianic Judaism, which has other graphical representations such as the Menorah and Star of David, the cross in the Star of David, among others.There is an ongoing dispute as to whether or not the seal dates from the 1st century AD, or if it is a 20th-century invention. Theology and core doctrines.

See also:As with many religious faiths, the exact tenets held vary from congregation to congregation. See also:Messianic Jews generally consider the entire to be sacred scripture. Theologian in his 'Jewish New Testament Commentary' argues that the writings and teachings of are fully congruent with Messianic Judaism, and that the is to be taken by Messianic Jews as the inspired Word of God.

Messianic publicationsThere are a number of Messianic commentaries on various books of the Bible, both Tanakh and New Testament texts, such as,. Has released a one-volume Jewish New Testament Commentary, providing explanatory notes from a Messianic Jewish point of view.

Other New Testament commentary authors include of Ariel Ministries, who has written commentaries on the Epistles, Judges & Ruth, and Genesis, and 7 systematic doctrinal studies.Sin and atonementSome Messianic believers define as transgression of the Torah (Law/Instruction) of God and include the concept of. Some adherents atone for their sins through prayer and —that is, acknowledgment of the wrongdoing and seeking forgiveness for their sins (especially on, the Day of Atonement). Disagreeing with these rites and practices, other Messianics hold to a belief that all sin (whether committed yet or not) is already atoned for because of Jesus's death and resurrection. Evangelism and attitudes toward Jews and IsraelMessianic Jews believe God's people have a responsibility to spread his name and fame to all nations. It is believed that the were, remain, and will continue to be the chosen people of the God, and are central to his plans for existence. Most Messianic believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish, can be said to oppose (popularly referred to as ), the view that the has replaced in the mind and plans of God.There exist among Messianic believers a number of perspectives regarding who exactly makes up God's. Most commonly, Israel is seen as distinct from the church; Messianic Jews, being a part of both Israel and the church, are seen as the necessary link between the 'gentile' People of God and the commonwealth of God's people of Israel.

The two-house view, and the one law/grafted-in view are held by many identifying as Messianic, although some Messianic groups do not espouse these theologies. According to certain branches of Messianic Judaism, Jews are individuals who have one or more Jewish parents, or who have undergone halakhic conversion to Judaism. Others accept all who accept Jesus into their hearts and confess that he is Lord. One Law theologyOne Law theology (aka One Torah for All) teaches that anyone who is a part of Israel is obligated to observe the Covenant and its provisions as outlined in the Torah. Dan Juster of Tikkun, and Russ Resnik of the UMJC, have argued against the One Law movement's insistence on Gentiles being required to observe the entirety of Torah in the same way as Jews. Tim Hegg responded to their article defending what he believes to be the biblical teaching of 'One Law' theology and its implications concerning the obligations of Torah obedience by new Messianic believers from the nations.

The Coalition of Torah Observant Messianic Congregations (CTOMC) likewise rejects bi-lateral Ecclesiology in favor of the One Torah for All (one Law) position. Two House theologyProponents of espouse their belief that the phrase ' in scripture refers to Jews, while 'the ' refers to the of Israel,. Where scripture states the House of Israel and Judah will again be 'one stick' , it is believed to be referring to the End Times, immediately prior to the, when many of those descended from Israel will come back to Israel. Advocates of this theology postulate that the reason so many 'gentiles' are converting to Messianic Judaism is that the vast majority of them are truly Israelites. Like One Law groups, the Two House movement has many superficial similarities to Messianic Judaism, such as their belief in the ongoing validity of the Mosaic Covenant. While much of the Two House teaching is based on interpretations of Biblical prophecy, the biggest disagreements are due to inability to identify the genealogy of the Lost Tribes.

Organizations such as the and have explicitly opposed the Two House teaching. SupersessionismHistorically, Christianity has taught (replacement theology), which implies or outright states that Christianity has superseded Judaism, and that the of the Hebrew Bible has been superseded by the of Jesus, wherein salvation is brought about by the grace of God, and not by obedience to the Torah. This is generally complemented with the concept of God having transferred the status of 'God's people' from the Jews to the Christian Church. Messianic Jews, in varying degrees, challenge both thoughts, and instead believing that although Israel has rejected Jesus, it has not forfeited its status as God's chosen people (Matthew 5:17). Often cited is Romans 11:29: 'for God's gifts and his call are irrevocable'. The core of supersessionism, in which the Mosaic Covenant is canceled, is less agreed upon.

Though the may or may not be seen as necessary, most are still followed, especially the keeping of Shabbat and other holy days.Eschatology. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and.Find sources: – ( January 2013) All Messianic Jews hold to certain beliefs such as the, the Second Coming of Jesus as the conquering Messiah, the re-gathering of Israel, a rebuilt, a, and many believe in the, although some are Amillenialist. Some Messianic Jews believe that all of the, and indeed the entire Torah, intrinsically hint at the Messiah, and thus no study of the is complete without understanding the major in their larger prophetic context. To certain believers, the feasts of and were fulfilled in Jesus's first coming, and, and will be at his second. Some also believe in a literal 7000-year period for the human history of the world, with a Millennial Messianic kingdom prior to a final judgment.Religious practices. Baruch Hashem Messianic Synagogue in Dallas, Texas Torah observanceThere is a variety of practice within Messianic Judaism regarding the strictness of Torah observance.

Generally, Torah observant congregations observe Jewish prayers, biblical feasts, and Sabbath. While most traditional Christians deny that the ritual laws and specific civil laws of the Torah apply to Gentiles, certain passages regarding Torah observance in the are cited by some Messianic believers as proof that Torah was not abolished for Jews. They point out that in Acts 21, Jewish believers in Jerusalem are described as 'zealous for the Law'. Sabbath and holiday observancesSome Messianic Jews observe on Saturdays.

Worship services are generally held on Friday evenings ( Erev Shabbat) or Saturday mornings. According to the Southern Baptist Messianic Fellowship (SBMF), services are held on Saturday to 'open the doors to Jewish people who also wish to keep the Sabbath'.

The liturgy used is similar to that of a Jewish with some important differences including the omission of 'salvation by works' as the Messianic belief is salvation through Jesus. Other branches of the movement have attempted to 'eliminate the elements of Christian worship such as frequent that cannot be directly linked to their Jewish roots'.

Almost all such congregations in Israel observe Jewish holidays, which they understand to have their fulfillment in Jesus.' The Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council recommends the observance of Jewish holidays. Most larger Messianic Jewish congregations follow Jewish custom in celebrating the three biblical feasts (, and ), as well as. Dietary lawsThe observance of the dietary laws is a subject of continued debate among Messianic Jews. Some Messianic believers keep kosher purely for the purposes of evangelism to Jewish people. Most avoid pork and shellfish, but there is disagreement on more strict adherence to kosher dietary laws.Conversion to Messianic JudaismLarge numbers of those calling themselves Messianic Jews are not of Jewish descent, but join the movement anyway as they 'enjoy the Messianic Jewish style of worship'. Messianic perspectives on ' vary.

The Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council, acknowledges a Jew as one born to a Jewish mother, or who has converted to Judaism. Copying from the Reform stream of Judaism, the Council also recognizes as a Jew one who was born to a Jewish father but not a Jewish mother on the condition that the family of the child, or the individual as an adult, has undertaken public and formal acts of identification of the individual with the Jewish faith and people.

The MJAA accepts Gentiles into their congregations, but views Gentiles and Jews as spritually distinct and conversion as an 'unbiblical practice'. Other Messianic organizations hold to similar views. BaptismMessianic Jews practice, calling it a ('cistern', from Leviticus 11) rather than the term tvila ('baptism' טבילה in the ). CircumcisionSome within the movement seek to convert themselves for identification with Israel, but most Messianic governing bodies acknowledge the presence of gentiles in the congregations, and do not see a need for them to convert to worship in the Messianic style and understanding. When conversion is sincerely desired by a gentile Messianic believer, Messianic Jewish halachic standards (including circumcision) are imposed to maintain integrity among the world Messianic Jewish community. Use of Hebrew names and vocabulary in EnglishThe movement generally avoids common Christian terms, such as Jesus, Christ, or cross and prefers to use Hebrew or Aramaic terms.

Culture MusicMessianic Jewish hymns differ from evangelical Christian ones in their focus on Israel's role in history and messianic hope. Other differences include reference to Jesus—usually using the name Yeshua—as the Savior of Israel. Messianic hymnals often also incorporate Israeli songs. The movement also has several recording artists who consider their music to be Messianic in message, such as Joel Chernoff of the duo Lamb, Ted Pearce, and Chuck King. Reception of the movement Reception among mainstream ChristianityIn the United States, the emergence of the Messianic Jewish movement created some stresses with other Jewish-Christian and missionary organization. In 1975, the condemned several aspects of the Messianic Jewish movement.In Israel, the linguistic distinction between Messianic Jews and mainstream Christians is less clear, and the name meshihiy ( משיחי‎, 'messianic') is commonly used by churches in lieu of notsri ( נוצרי‎, 'Christian').

The Israel Trust of the Anglican Church, based at, an organization that is in outlook and operates an interfaith school in Jerusalem, gives some social support to Messianic Jews in Israel. Reception among Jews. See also:As in traditional Jewish objections to Christian theology, opponents of Messianic Judaism hold that Christian proof texts, such as prophecies in the Hebrew Bible purported to refer the Messiah's suffering and death, have been taken out of context and misinterpreted.

Jewish theology rejects the idea that the Messiah, or any human being, is a. Belief in the is considered idolatrous by most rabbinic authorities. Even if considered (literally, 'partnership')—an association of other individuals with the God of Israel—this is only permitted for gentiles, and that only according to some rabbinic opinions. It is universally considered idolatrous for Jews. Further, Judaism does not view the role of the Messiah to be the salvation of the world from its sins, an integral teaching of Christianity and Messianic Judaism.Jewish opponents of Messianic Judaism often focus their criticism on the movement's radical ideological separation from traditional Jewish beliefs, stating that the acceptance of Jesus as Messiah creates an insuperable divide between the traditional messianic expectations of Judaism, and Christianity's theological claims.

They state that while Judaism is a messianic religion, its messiah is not Jesus, and thus the term is misleading. All denominations of Judaism, as well as national Jewish organizations, reject Messianic Judaism as a form of Judaism. Regarding this divide, Rabbi observed: ' To embrace the radioactive core of goyishness—Jesus—violates the final taboo of Jewishness.Belief in Jesus as Messiah is not simply a heretical belief, as it may have been in the first century; it has become the equivalent to an act of ethno-cultural suicide.' Considers messianic activities as antisemitic incidents.

Rabbi, founder of the anti-missionary organization, noted of a Messianic rabbi in Toledo: 'He's not running a Jewish synagogue.It's a church designed to appear as if it were a synagogue and I'm there to expose him. What these irresponsible extremist Christians do is a form of consumer fraud. They blur the distinctions between Judaism and Christianity in order to lure Jewish people who would otherwise resist a straightforward message.' Association by a Jewish politician with a Messianic rabbi, inviting him to pray at a public meeting, even though made in error, resulted in nearly universal condemnation by Jewish congregations in Detroit in 2018, as the majority opinion in both Israeli and American Jewish circles is to consider Messianic Judaism as Christianity and its followers as Christians. Response of Israeli government.

See also:Messianic Jews are considered eligible for the 's only if they can also claim Jewish descent. An assistant to one of the two lawyers involved with an April 2008 case explained to the that Messianic Jews who are not Jewish according to Jewish rabbinic law, but who had sufficient Jewish descent to qualify under the Law of Return, could claim automatic new immigrant status and citizenship despite being Messianic. The state of Israel grants and citizenship to Jews, and to those with Jewish parents or grandparents who are not considered Jews according to halakha, e.g.

People who have a Jewish father but a non-Jewish mother. The old law had excluded any 'person who has been a Jew and has voluntarily changed his religion', and an decision in 1989 had ruled that Messianic Judaism constituted another religion.

However, on April 16, 2008, the Supreme Court of Israel ruled in a case brought by a number of Messianic Jews with Jewish fathers and grandfathers. Their applications for Aliyah had been rejected on the grounds that they were Messianic Jews. The argument was made by the applicants that they had never been Jews according to halakha, and were not therefore excluded by the conversion clause. This argument was upheld in the ruling.The International Religious Freedom Report 2008, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor in the US, stated that discrimination against Messianic Jews in Israel was increasing. Some acts of violence have also occurred such as incident on March 20, 2008, a bomb concealed as a Purim gift basket was delivered to the house of a prominent Messianic Jewish family in, in the, which severely wounded the son. Eventually, was arrested for the attempted murder.This antagonism has led to harassment and some violence, especially in Israel, where there is a large and militant Orthodox community.

Several Orthodox organizations, including, are dedicated to rooting out missionary activity in Israel, including the Messianic Jewish congregations. One tactic is to plaster posters asking Israelis to boycott shops where Messianic Jews are owners or employees; another is to report Messianic Jews to the Interior ministry, which is charged with enforcing an Israeli law forbidding proselytizing. In another incident, the mayor of Or Yehuda, a suburb of Tel Aviv, held a public book-burning of literature passed out to Ethiopian immigrants. He later apologized for the action. Response of US governmentsThe US Navy made a decision that Messianic Jewish chaplains must wear as their insignia the Christian cross, and not the tablets of the law, the insignia of Jewish chaplains. According to, the Navy Uniform Board commanded that Michael Hiles, a candidate for chaplaincy, wear the Christian insignia. Hiles resigned from the program, rather than wear the cross.

Rabbi Eric Tokajer, a spokesman for the Messianic Jewish movement, responded that 'This decision essentially bars Messianic Jews from serving as chaplains within the U.S. Navy because it would require them to wear an insignia inconsistent with their faith and belief system.' A police employee's religious discrimination case was settled in her favor after she filed suit over having to work on the Jewish Sabbath.

Messianic organizations. Ariel, Yaakov S. Evangelizing the chosen people: missions to the Jews in America, 1880–2000.:.

Ariel, Yaakov S. Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (eds.).

Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America.

2.:. (November 2004) First published 2002. Encyclopedia of evangelicalism (Rev. And expanded ed.).:. Retrieved 2007-02-14.

(February 28, 2003). Inaugural meeting of the Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations (CCJR) in Baltimore, October 28, 2002. Retrieved 2019-04-03. Berkley, George E. (February 1997). Jews.: Branden Books.

Burgess, Stanley M., ed. Encyclopedia of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity. Routledge. (2000). Messianic Judaism: A Critical Anthology.;:. (2003). In Tomson, Peter J.; Lambers-Petry, Doris (eds.).

The Image of the Judaeo-Christians in Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature. Colloquium of the Institutum Iudaicum, Brussels 18–19 November 2001. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Archived from on 2013-11-10. Retrieved May 22, 2012. (2010).

Judaism Today.;:. Feher, Shoshana (1998). Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism. Gidney, William Thomas (1908). London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews. Goble, Phillip E.

(PDF). (1994).:. (August 2003). After the evil: Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust.

New York, New York:. (1999). Messianic Judaism: A Rabbi's Journey through Religious Change in America.:. (2009).

The Challenges of the Pentecostal, Charismatic, and Messianic Jewish Movements: The Tensions of the Spirit. (1995) 1985. Jewish Roots: A Foundation of Biblical Theology.: Destiny Image.; (2004). Toward Jerusalem Council II. Retrieved 2019-04-02. (2005). 'Messianic Jews'.

In; Wenborn, Neil (eds.). A Dictionary Of Jewish-Christian Relations.,:.

Kinzer, Mark (2005). Postmissionary Messianic Judaism: Redefining Christian Engagement with the Jewish People. Kinzer, Mark (Summer 2010). Kesher: A Journal of Messianic Judaism (24).

Retrieved 2019-04-03. (2001). Prometheus Books. Lotker, Michael (May 2004). 'It's More About What is the Messiah than Who is the Messiah'. A Christian's guide to Judaism. New York, New York: Paulist Press.

(2005). 'Messianic Judaism'.

Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. (PDF). 1910.

Prill, Patrick (2004). Yeshua Publishing LLC.

(1982a). Messianic Judaism: Its History, Theology, and Polity. Texts and studies in religion. 14.

(September 1982b). 99 (28): 926. Archived from on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-04-03. Reason, Gabriela (2005). Kesher: A Journal of Messianic Judaism. Retrieved 2019-04-03.

Schoeman, Roy H. Salvation is from the Jews: the role of Judaism in salvation history from Abraham to the Second Coming.:.

Schonfield, Hugh (1936). London: Duckworth. Sobel, B.Z.

(December 1968). The Jewish Journal of Sociology. Retrieved 2019-04-02. Spector, Stephen (2008). Evangelicals and Israel.

Messianic Bible translations are translations, or editions of translations, in English of the Christian Bible, some of which are widely used in the Messianic Judaism and Hebrew Roots communities.

They are not the same as Jewish English Bible translations, although they are often translated by Jewish Christian scholars. They are often not standard straight English translations of the Christian Bible, but are translations which specifically incorporate Jewish elements for a Jewish audience.

These elements include, but are not limited to, the use of the Hebrew names for all books, the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) ordering for the books of the Old Testament, both testaments being named their Hebrew names (Tanakh and Brit Chadasha). This approach also includes the New Testament being translated with the preference of spelling names (people, concepts and place names) in transliterated Hebrew rather than directly translated from Greek into English. Some Sacred Name Bibles such as the Hallelujah Scriptures, conform to these elements and are therefore may be considered Messianic Bibles as well.

• 1English

English[edit]

Complete Jewish Bible (CJB)[edit]

The Complete Jewish Bible (sometimes referred to as the CJB)^[1] is a translation of the Bible into English by David H. Stern. It consists of both Stern's revised translation of the Old Testament (Tanakh) plus his original Jewish New Testament (B'rit Hadashah) translation in one volume. It was published in its entirety in 1998 by Jewish New Testament Publications, Inc.^[2]

The Old Testament translation is a paraphrase of the public domain 1917 Jewish Publication Society Version, although scholar Bruce Metzger notes that where Stern disagreed with the JPS version, he translated from the Masoretic Text himself. The New Testament section is Stern's original translation from the ancient Greek.

Stern states that his purpose for producing the Complete Jewish Bible was 'to restore God's Word to its original Jewish context and culture as well as be in easily read modern English.' This translation was also intended to be fully functional for Messianic Jewish congregations.

Stern follows the order and the names of the Old Testament books in the Hebrew Bible, rather than those of typical Christian Bibles. He uses Hebrew names for people and places, such as Eliyahu for 'Elijah', and Sha'ul for 'Saul.' The work also incorporates Hebrew and Yiddish expressions that Stern refers to as 'Jewish English', such as matzah for 'unleavened bread'^[3] and mikveh for 'ritual immersion pool'.^[4]

Tree of Life Bible of the Holy Scriptures (TLB)[edit]

The Tree of Life Bible (abbreviated as 'TLB'), first published in 2011, is a Messianic Jewish translation of the Hebrew Bible (or TA-NA-KH) and the New Testament (or New Covenant) sponsored by the Messianic Jewish Family Bible Society and The King's University.^[5]

According to the publisher, Baker Books, the Tree of Life Version is intended to be a translation that 'speaks with a decidedly Jewish-friendly voice [..] to recover the authentic context of the Bible and the Christian faith.' The sponsors of the translation sought to restore to the biblical texts 'their actual Jewish essence,' which, in their view, is lost in most English translations. Specifically, the project sought to restore 'the Jewish order of the books of the Old Testament,' 'the Jewish name of the Messiah, Yeshua,' 'reverence for the four-letter unspoken name of God,' and 'Hebrew transliterated terms, such as shalom, shofar, and shabbat.'^[6]

The team of Messianic Jewish and Christian scholars commissioned to work on the project included Dr. Jeffrey L. Seif, Rabbi Dr. Jeffrey Feinberg, Rabbi Dr. Glenn Blank, Dr. Hellene Dallaire, Rabbi Jeff Adler, Rabbi Barney Kasdan, Dr. Vered Hillel. Other contributors included Mark Anthony, Michael L. Brown, Dr. Jack Cairns, Dr. Mordechai Cohen, Pat Feinberg, Dr. John Fischer, Dr. Patrice Fischer, Dr. Steve Galiley, Dr. Ray Gannon, Dr. Henri Goulet, Dr. Ihab Griess, David Harris, Dr. Stanley Horton, Dr. Daniel Juster, Liz Kasdan, Elliot Klayman, Dr. Seth Klayman, Dr. Craig Keener, Phillip Lanning, Dr. Barrie Mallin, Dr. Shawn Moir, Dr. Richard Nicol, Dr. Seth Postell, Dr. David Rothstein, Dr. Noel Rabinowitz, Dr. Rich Robinson, Dr. Matthew Salathe, Dr. Jim Sibley, Josh Sofaer, Dr. Greg Stone, Rabbi Eric Tokajer, John Taylor, Myles Weiss, Dr. Randy Weiss, Dr. Lon Wiksel, and Dr. Wayne Wilks.^[7]

New Jerusalem Version (NJV)[edit]

The New Jerusalem Version is an English Messianic Bible translation first published in 2019 by Hineni Publishers. It is primarily an update of the 1901 ASV, WEB and “The Holy Scriptures According to the Masoretic Text,’’ published in 1917 by the Jewish Publication Society. It consists of both the TANAKH (Old Testament) and the Brit Chadashah (New Covenant). The TANAKH is based on the Masoretic text and the Brit Chadashah is mainly based on the Majority Text.^[8]

According to the Publisher, Hineni Publishers, the goal of the New Jerusalem Version is to make the personal name of God known to English-speaking people from all around the world, and to help the reader to rediscover the Hebrew roots of the Bible. Where the personal unutterable name of God occurs in the Masoretic Text, the original Hebrew יהוה (the Tetragrammaton) has been preserved; and the name of the Messiah has been transliterated from Hebrew: Yeshua. Book titles are in both English and Hebrew,^[9] and several Hebrew words such as shalom, Torah, kohen, Sheol, Gehinnom, etc. have been transliterated.^[10]

The publisher states the New Jerusalem Version distinguishes itself from most English Bibles by restoring the:

• Personal unutterable Hebrew name of God: יהוה
• Hebrew name of the Messiah: Yeshua
• Feasts of God: Pesach, Shavuot, Yom Kippur, etc.
• Names of God: Adonai Elohim Tzva’ot, El Shaddai, El Elyon, etc.
• Order of books: following the Jewish tradition of the TANAKH (Torah, Nevi’im, Ketuvim).^[11]

Other versions[edit]

• World Messianic Bible. 'The World Messianic Bible (WMB) is a Modern English update of the American Standard Version. It has also been known as the Hebrew Names Version (HNV) and the World English Bible: Messianic Edition (WEB:ME).'^[12]

References[edit]

1. ^'Complete Jewish Bible (CJB) - Version Information - BibleGateway.com'. www.biblegateway.com.
2. ^'The Complete Jewish Bible'. Bible Study Tools.
3. ^'Exodus 12:8 - CJB - That night, they are to eat the meat, roasted i..'Bible Study Tools.
4. ^'Ephesians 5:26 - CJB - in order to set it apart for God, making it cle..'Bible Study Tools.
5. ^Holy Scriptures. Tree of Life Version. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2015. Page iv.
6. ^http://bakerpublishinggroup.com/books/holy-scriptures-tree-of-life-version-tlv/376133
7. ^Holy Scriptures. Tree of Life Version. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2015. Pages x-xii.
8. ^NJV Bible, New Jerusalem Version. Hineni Publishers, 2019. Preface. ISBN978-90-829625-0-5
9. ^NJV Bible, New Jerusalem Version. Hineni Publishers, 2019. Table of Contents. ISBN978-90-829625-0-5
10. ^NJV Bible, New Jerusalem Version. Hineni Publishers, 2019.Glossary. ISBN978-90-829625-0-5
11. ^NJV Bible, New Jerusalem Version. Hineni Publishers, 2019. Hebrew Roots. ISBN978-90-829625-0-5
12. ^https://ebible.org/engwmb/

External links[edit]