This chapter aims to discuss the environmental activism of Medha Patkar – legitimized by the masses, restricted by the state, and mostly passively observed by the social work pr. Email this Article. Narmada Bachao Andolan.

NationalityOther namesMedha taiEducationinAlma materOrganization(NAPM)MovementAwardsMedha Patkar (born 1 December 1954) is an social activist working on various crucial political and economic issues raised by, farmers, labourers and women facing injustice in India. She is an alumnus of, a premier institute of social science research in India.Patkar is the founder member of the 32 years old people's movement called (NBA) in three states:,. NBA has been engaged in a struggle for justice for the people affected by the dam projects related to the Sardar Sarovar dams project, especially those whose homes will be submerged, but have not yet been rehabilitated. She is also one of the founders of the (NAPM), an alliance of hundreds of progressive people's organisations. In addition to the above, Patkar was a commissioner on the, which did a thorough research on the environmental, social, political and economic aspects and impacts of the development of large dams globally and their alternatives. She was the national co-ordinator and then convenor of National Alliance of People's Movements for many years and now continues to be an advisor to NAPM. Under the banner of NAPM she has participated in and supported various mass struggles across India against inequity, non-sustainability, displacement and injustice in the name of development.

Her work challenges, and all kinds of discrimination. She has been a part of numerous teams and panels that work on initiating and formulating various national policies and enactments including those related to land acquisition, unorganized sector workers, and forest-dweller Adivasis.

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NAPM filed a number of public interest litigations including those against Adarsh society, Megacityand as well as other builders.Narmada Bachao Andolan and, founded by Medha Patkar with others are allies of NAPM. Contents.Early and personal life Medha Patkar was born as Medha Khanolkar on 1 December 1954 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, the daughter of Vasant Khanolkar, a freedom fighter and labour union leader, and his wife Indumati Khanolkar, a gazetted officer in the Post and Telegraphs department. She has one brother, Mahesh Khanolkar, an architect.Medha Khanolkar earned an in Social Work from.Career as activist Medha patkar worked with voluntary organisations in 's slums for 5 years and tribal districts of North-East districts of Gujarat for 3 years. She worked as a member of faculty at Tata Institute of Social Sciences but left her position to take up the field work. She was a PhD scholar at TISS, studying Economics development and its impact on traditional societies. After working up to M.Phil level she left her unfinished PhD when she became immersed in her work with the tribal and Peasant communities in the Narmada valley spread over three states. Main article:Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a social movement protesting against the dam on river Narmada which began in 1985 consisting of adivasis, farmers, fish workers, labourers and others in the Narmada valley along with the intellectuals including environmentalists, human rights activists, Scientists, academicians, artists who stand for just and sustainable development.

Dam in Gujarat is one of the biggest dams on Narmada where the non-violent people's struggle has questioned social and environmental costs, undemocratic planning and unjust distribution of benefits. The struggle is still on in the Sardar Sarovar affected areas and also other large and medium dams on Narmada and its tributaries.

It has led to thousands of project affected families receiving land based rehabilitation and continues to fight against submergence and displacement without rehabilitation of more than 40,000 families residing in these submergence area of Sardar Sarovar till date. Many of its claims and critique on economic, social and environmental aspects of Sardar Sarovar and Narmada valley development project stand vindicated today. Patkar has also questioned the wisdom of the currently popular developmental strategy of linking rivers in India as a means to address issues of water shortage.NBA has been running JEEVANSHALAS- schools of life, since 1992 with about 5,000 students having passed out and many graduated.

Tens of them are under training in athletics and some have won many awards. NBA also successfully established and managed two micro hydral projects which got submerged due to SS dam. It has been working in many sectors over last 30 years including health, employment guarantee, Right to Food and PDS, rehabilitation and environment protection.Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Andolan. Main article:It is a struggle for housing rights in Mumbai, started in 2005 and continues to fight for rights of slum-dwellers and those cheated by the builders in various rehabilitation and re-development projects. It all began when the government of Maharashtra demolished 75,000 houses of the poor in 2005, against its own promises before election. Strong people's movement was founded by Medha Patkar and others when she gave the slogan in a large public meeting at Azaad Maidaan Mumbai.

It was through mass action that the,communities were re-built on the same sites and continue to assert and attain their right to shelter, water, electricity, sanitation and livelihood. As members of working class GBGBA respects the slum-dwellers for contribution to the life of the city and involves them in equitable and inclusive planning for urban development.National Alliance of People's Movements The (NAPM) is an alliance of people's movements in India, with the stated aim of working on a range of issues related to socio-economic justice, political justice and equity. Medha Patkar founded the National Alliance of People's Movements with the objective of 'facilitating unity and providing strength to peoples' movements in India, fighting against oppression, further questioning the current development model so as to work towards a just alternative'. She is the national convener of the NAPM.

Tata Nano Plant Singur started constructing a factory to manufacture their $2,500 car, the at Singur. She protested against the setting up of the plant at, West Bengal. Patkar's convoy was assaulted, allegedly by CPI(M) activists, at Kapaseberia in district while on her way to strife-torn Nandigram. At the height of the agitation, had made remarks questioning the source of funds of the agitators. In October 2008 Tata announced that the factory would not be completed and that the production of the Nano will be set up in, Gujarat.Nandigram land grab resistance (2007) She participated in and initiated various supportive actions including a fast during Diwali in Kolkata, mass-mobilisation, complaints at various national fora and building support of intellectuals and various citizens across the country.

The battle was ultimately won in favour of the local people who had to lay their lives in large numbers during state violence.Lavasa is a project by Hindustan Construction Corporation, in Maharashtra. It is a yet-to be completed city. Is criticised by for unjust use of water in a worst hit farmer suicide state.

Medha Patkar with villagers of protested for the environmental damage in. She also filed a in Supreme Court against the Lavasa project.Golibar Demolition A demolition took place on 2 and 3 April 2013 in the Golibar area, Mumbai, Maharashtra evicting 43 houses and displacing more than 200 people. The whole project is to displace thousands of families and 50–100 years old communities that are demanding in-situ and participatory housing rights. Medha Patkar with more than 500 slum dwellers set on indefinite fast to protest against any further demolition until the inquiry into the matter is completed.

Patkar has alleged corruption and 'atrocities' by builders in the city's slum rehabilitation scheme, and called for the halting of six projects by the Slum Rehabilitation Authority, until a proper inquiry is conducted. The inquiry was conducted giving partial solutions hence communities continue with their struggle. Save Sugar-Cooperatives Mission To save Sugar-Cooperative sector in Maharashtra from falling into the hands of politicians including tens of ministers in the Maharashtra cabinet till 2014, Medha Patkar organised protests.

She explained that 'the politicians are interested in the prime plots of land, old equipment and machinery,' of sugar co-operatives and accused the state government of selling assets of industry at throw away rates. A case against Girna Sugar factory at Malegaon, Nasik, Maharashtra and members of Chhagan Bhujbal Family pending before the Supreme court of India and the unused land of the factory is re-occupied and cultivated by the local farmers who were the donors of the cooperative that was privatized by the former minister purchasing it at throw away price. Hiranandani land scam Medha Patkar along with other activists registered in the High Court of Mumbai, alleging violations by property tycoon in building luxury flats instead of affordable houses. Hiranandani had signed a lease for the 230 acres of land in 1986 at rate of Re 1 per hectare in a tripartite agreement with the state and Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority.

Responding to Maharashtra judges says that' we appreciate the elegance of the construction and the intent on creating an architecture marvel for the city of Mumbai, we see the specific intent of wholly ignoring the most vital, and perhaps the only, condition in tripartite agreement (to create affordable houses of 40 and 80 sq m)'. If calculated according to the current market price, the quantum of the scam will be around Rs.

The judgement of 2012 directed Hirandani to build 3,144 houses for the low income groups before any other construction at Hirandani gardens which is yet to happen. The case is at the stage of final hearing at HC of Mumbai.Kovvada Nuclear project Patkar expressed a strong opposition to the land acquisition in Kovvada of Ranasthalam mandal in district, saying that the nuclear plant would be a disaster for ecology as well as people of region. Medha Patkar in March 2012 Career in politics In January 2004 during the held in. Medha Patkar and other members of initiated a 'People's Political Front ' also called as 'Lok Rajniti Manch'. However, Medha did not participate as an active politician, but adhere herself in creating an atmosphere and environment by organising a fifteen days state-level campaign.

She was accompanied with two young activists, Maju Warghese and journalist Jaspal Singh Naol (Jal). Meetings were organised under her leadership in each. Most of the members had asked Patkar to stand for election, but she denied.In January 2014, Medha Patkar joined the, a political party led. She and her organisation, National Alliance of People's Movement, provided support to the Aam Aadmi Party during the Lok Sabha campaign.Patkar also contested for the as an Aam Aadmi Party candidate.

She lost, receiving 8.9% of the vote cast in North East Mumbai constituency, trailing at third position behind (BJP candidate, winner) and Sanjay Patil (NCP candidate). She resigned from Aam Admi Party's primary membership on 28 March 2015.In 2016, during the National Convention of National Alliance of People's Movement held at Rashtriya Seva Dal, Pune, Dr Suresh Khairnar, the General Secretary of the National Executive Committee of Rashtriya Seva Dal openly expressed that any political organisation led by Medha Patkar will get full support from Rashtriya Seva Dal. But, they will limit support to her if the leader becomes a follower.Awards and honours. 1991:.

1992:. 1995: for Best International Political Campaigner by BBC, England. 1999: Human Rights Defender's Award from Amnesty International, Germany. 1999: M.A. Thomas National Human Rights Award from. 1999: Person of The Year BBC.

1999: Deena Nath Mangeshkar Award. 1999: Kundal Lal Award for peace. 1999: Mahatma Phule Award.

2001: Basavashree Award. 2013:. 2014: for Social Justice.Citations. Patkar, Medha (18 September 2013).

Retrieved 25 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017. (PDF). United Nations Environment Programme.

The Times of India. 19 April 2006. Deccan Herald. 25 January 2018.

Patkar, Medha (1 August 2004). River Linking: A Millenium Folly? National Alliance of People's Movements. National Alliance of People's Movements. 5 June 2009 at the.

Retrieved 4 October 2008. Hindustan Times. The Times of India. Retrieved 21 February 2014.

Shibu Thomas (23 February 2012). The Times of India. Mumbai, India. Retrieved 21 February 2014.

Retrieved 21 February 2014. The Hindu. Indian Express, 14 January 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014. The Economic Times. Election Commission of India, 2014.

Ndtv, 2015. Archived from on 13 November 2007. Malhotra, Aditi. Wall Street Journal.

Retrieved 30 March 2014. The Indian Express. Retrieved 25 February 2014.

Tehelka Magazine. 29 April 2001. Retrieved 31 January 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018. Diligent Media Corporation Ltd. 11 November 2014.

Retrieved 14 December 2014.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. on. on.

Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Aandolan ('save homes, make homes movement') is a people's movement that emerged in the backdrop of massive slum demolitions in Mumbai in 2003–04.^[1] It started in 2005 as a struggle for housing rights in Mumbai, and continues to fight for rights of slum-dwellers and those cheated by the builders in various rehabilitation and redevelopment projects, including slum-dwellers, those affected by the Slum Rehabilitation Act and the unorganised sector workers. It is a part of the National Alliance of People's Movements and is led by Medha Patkar.

• 2Jeevan Bachao Aandolan, Mahul

History[edit]

A demolition on 2 and 3 April 2013 in the Golibar area, Mumbai, Maharashtra evicting 43 houses and displacing more than 200 people, was the backdrop against which the movement was born. The resident communities demanded in-situ and participatory housing rights. Medha Patkar with more than 500 slum-dwellers sat on an indefinite fast to protest against any further demolition until an inquiry into the matter was completed.^[2] Patkar had alleged corruption and 'atrocities' by builders in the city's slum rehabilitation scheme, and called for the halting of six projects by the Slum Rehabilitation Authority, until a proper inquiry was conducted. The inquiry was conducted, that gave only a partial solution, hence communities continued with their struggle.^[3] Following the demolition of 75,000 houses of the poor by the Government of Maharashtra in 2005, Medha Patkar and others addressed a public meeting at Azaad Maidan Mumbai advocating mass action, that the communities re-build their houses on the same sites, and continue to assert and attain their right to shelter, water, electricity, sanitation, and livelihood.

Jeevan Bachao Aandolan, Mahul[edit]

Jeevan Bachao Aandolan (save lives movement) is a 150-plus-day ongoing protest by the residents of Mahul, Mumbai with the basic demand that rehabilitation is supposed to encompass the restoration of livelihood, education opportunities and all basic amenities in an environment that is safe and liveable.The successful outcome of protest with the Bombay High Courts judgment in favour of the residents is a landmark victory for citizen housing movements in Mumbai.

Background[edit]

In December 2016 and on 13 May 2017, over one thousand slum houses along the Tansa water pipeline in Vidyavhar were demolished. This was done by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) in accordance to the 2009 Bombay High Court order to remove slums along the main water pipelines in the city and keep a 10-metre buffer zone around them.^[4]

Some of the families received alternate Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA) accommodation in Mahul village nearly 15km away despite the National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy 2007 which mandates the government to provide alternate accommodation to these people within a 3km radius of their old homes. Apart from the location, Mahul is one of the most polluted areas in Mumbai due to the large number of polluting and toxic industries like Hindustan Petroleum, Bharat Petroleum refineries, Sea Lord Containers, Aegis Logistics Ltd, Tata Power and Rashtriya Chemical and Fertilizers, among others. Moreover, there were no municipal hospitals and municipal schools in the area.^[5]

This caused a spike in the number of illnesses and diseases faced by residents in Mahul post rehabilitation to the colony. The spike in the respiratory, heart and skin diseases and deaths post rehabilitation has been proved by independent experts and the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board's Comprehensive Environment Pollution Index which categorises Mahul as “severely polluted'. The high level of toluene in the air led to the 2015 interim judgement by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) that stated Mahul was “unfit for human habitation.'^[6][7]As per an RTI query in 2018, there have been 87 deaths in Mahul due to respiratory illnesses.^[8]A report by NGO Vishwashanti Lokkalyan in July 2018 found that 60% of the residents faced a health issue because of the polluted environment.^[9]

Timeline of events[edit]

This was:^[10]

• March 2018: the protesters moved the Bombay High Court to take action
• July 2018: BMC offers a Rs. 29 crore in-situ development plan for residents which is rejected by residents^[11]
• August 8, 2018: HC interim order to move protesters out of Mahul till a solution is found
• October 23, 2018: Residents plan to meet his Sena President Uddhav Thackeray, handover a signed petition to DCP Rajendra Patil
• October 28, 2018: Residents start 'Jeevan Bachao Aandolan', goes on for over 150 days.
• November 12, 2018: Protesters meet State Housing Minister Prakash Mehta, who assures he will move them to Kurla
• November 27, 2018: CM tells Yuva Sena leader Aditya Thackeray shifting residents to Kurla not possible, say protesters
• December 16, 2018: Residents march to Azad Maidan^[12]
• December 2018: Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis appoints panel to relocate Mahul residents post mass protests.^[13]
• April 4, 2019: Bombay HC directed Govt of Maha to pay monthly rent of Rs. 15000 to Mahul residents and other PAPs along with a deposit of Rs. 45000 as long as the finding of NGT regarding pollution remain intact. Major victory for protestors.

Citizen-led movement[edit]

Residents who were forced into the unliveable conditions and faced the consequences of the injustice and hazardous conditions came forward to take collective action that resulted in a citizens movement. Bilal Khan the convener of Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Aandolan coordinated protests and legal processes along with support from Medha Patkar and several social activists.

Awas Haq Satyagraha, Mandala[edit]

The Ghar Bachao Ghar Banaoo (GBGB) movement currently works in those slums of Mumbai which have been demolished in or after 2004. It works with the affected community and inculcates leadership from within the community. In 2015, Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Andolan launched the Awaas Haq Satyagraha (Struggle for Right to Housing) along with residents of Mandala, supported by dwellers from across the city and at least five thousand slum-dwellers continue to be on satyagraha in Mandala, Mankhurd, Mumbai.^[14] The demands included that the Rajiv Awas Yojana proposal be approved and 3,000 families be allowed to stay put till then, all basic amenities be provided to all slum communities as per section 5(A) of Slum Act, especially water and toilets and that there should be no eviction before monsoon, and never without an alternative. GBGBA has raised a constant demand that SRA projects wherein corruption has been exposed, needs to be reviewed with priority and justice should be done to people through due process with transparency and people's participation.

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Budgetary allocations for rehabilitation[edit]

In 2017–2018, GBGB raised the issue of budget cuts for housing projects in the Maharashtra state budget.^[15]

Ideology and Demands[edit]

The movement believes that the right to housing is a basic human right and the Government cannot deny it just on the basis of 'illegality'. It advocates the Constitution of India, fundamental rights^[16] and directive principles of state policy—which includes the constitutional guarantee of shelter and other basic services, and right to livelihood. It believes in the framework of equity and justice which is required to be the basis for development planning as a whole and housing projects in particular. It fights corruption, malpractices, and protests against the accumulation of resources like land in the hands of a few ,and advocates for better implementation of laws related to slum rehabilitation.It believes that poor localities in urban areas need to be seen not as illegal encroachments but as service guilds, that slum-dwellers make vital contributions to the life of the city and thus advocates that they be involved in an equitable and inclusive urban planning and development process.^[17]

References[edit]

1. ^'Mumbai: Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Andolan launches Awaas Haq Satyagrah'. Sadda Haq. 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
2. ^'Medha Patkar enters Day 8 of indefinite fast'. Hindustan Times.
3. ^'Aruna Roy seeks Sonia's help to end Medha Patkar's fast'. The Times of India.
4. ^https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/in-mumbai-vidyavihar-sloum-dwellers-fear-loss-of-livelihood-refuse-to-move/story-0aoWLMit1AECr1iXemJ9TL.html. Retrieved 2019-04-07.Missing or empty title= (help)
5. ^https://thewire.in/politics/mumbais-mahul-classic-case-rehabilitation-gone-horribly-wrong. Retrieved 2019-04-07.Missing or empty title= (help)
6. ^https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Ki7VXzsgdtebWpHmXQPuMI/Life-and-death-in-Mumbais-human-dumping-ground.html. Retrieved 2019-04-07.Missing or empty title= (help)
7. ^https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/civic-issues/article/mahul-s-toxic-hell-mirror-now-campaign-pays-off-2-polluting-factories-to-be-shut/239408. Retrieved 2019-04-07.Missing or empty title= (help)
8. ^https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/041218/mahul-residents-to-stage-protest-before-cmo.html. Retrieved 2019-04-07.Missing or empty title= (help)
9. ^https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-60-percent-of-mahul-residents-have-skin-disease-or-asthma-trouble/19572163. Retrieved 2019-04-07.Missing or empty title= (help)
10. ^https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/a-hellhole-called-mahul/article25649926.ece. Retrieved 2019-04-07.Missing or empty title= (help)
11. ^https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mahul-residents-reject-bmcs-29-crore-development-plan/article24393150.ece. Retrieved 2019-04-07.Missing or empty title= (help)
12. ^http://www.gbgbandolan.org/articles/mahul-reisdents-forced-to-sleep-without-shelter-on-a-cold-windy-night. Retrieved 2019-04-07.Missing or empty title= (help)
13. ^https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/civic/devendra-fadnavis-appoints-panel-to-relocate-mahul-residents/articleshow/67202195.cms. Retrieved 2019-04-07.Missing or empty title= (help)
14. ^'Mumbai: Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Andolan launches Awaas Haq Satyagrah'. Sadda Haq. 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
15. ^'Maharashtra Budget 2017-18: 14% cut in housing budget'. DNA India. 2017-04-24. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
16. ^. The Hindu. 2009-03-29 http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/Right-to-housing/article16640873.ece. Retrieved 2017-11-30.Missing or empty title= (help)
17. ^. Ghar Bachao Ghar Banao Aandolan http://gbgb.in/. Retrieved 2017-11-30.Missing or empty title= (help)

External links[edit]